[27]:17[28]:41 The Hebrew Bible's earliest texts reflect a Late Bronze Age Near Eastern civilization, while its last text, thought by most scholars to be the Book of Daniel, comes from a second century BCE Hellenistic world. THE SCRIPTURE WAS GIVEN FOR EACH, BUT NOTHING ELSE. But the younger widows refuse: for when they have begun to wax wanton against Christ, they will marry; having damnation, because they have cast off their first faith. The bestselling Women of the Bible: New Testament pamphlet presents portraits of 15 women, some who encountered Jesus personally, and some who served in the early Church. Ananias and his wife Sapphira were, according to the Acts of the Apostles chapter 5, members of the early Christian church in Jerusalem. Among the most important were the Vestal Virgins, numbering at various times between four and six, charged with maintaining the sacred fire in the temple of Vesta, considered crucial for Rome's prosperity and well-being. I taught the course four more times at … Acts chapter 4:32 closes by stating that the first followers of Jesus did not consider their possessions to be their own but rather held in common, in order to use what they had on behalf of those in want. Some women are known by name, like Mary and Martha, while others are known by their situation, such as the "Woman at the Well." "[2]:174 Professor of Religion J. David Pleins says these tales are included by the Deuteronomic historian to demonstrate the evils of life without a centralized shrine and single political authority. Ada, Michigan, USA: Baker. When we heard of it, our hearts melted in fear and everyone’s courage failed because of you, for the Lord your God is God in heaven above and on the earth below. [21]:413 Many were children and adolescents. Luke qualifies her as "one who was healed" but otherwise little is known about her. Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers condemn all sexual relations between relatives. Whether these women were identified individually by name or simply mentioned as a devout follower in the crowd, their stories of sacrifice and eager service have rich meaning and application for our lives today. "[35][36]:9 Sarah was Abraham's wife and Hagar was Sarah's personal slave who became Abraham's concubine. [51] Samson travels to Gaza and "fell in love with a woman in the Valley of Sorek whose name was Delilah. "[35][36] Theologian Eryl Davies says the patriarchal ethos is reflected in texts ranging from legal texts to narratives, and from the prophetic sayings to the wisdom literature. Phyllis Trible says the storyteller "stresses family ties for such intimacy exacerbates the coming tragedy." Women of the New Testament, Phyllis Le Peau, Ivp. To study Old Testament women, we recommend “Everyday Women, Ever-Faithful God” (11 lessons) and the shorter version, “The Walk from Fear to Faith” (6 lessons). The law said a woman could not make a binding vow without consent of her male authority, so she could not legally marry without male approval. 16:7), possibly Chloe (1 Cor. [87] It is amazing how in-depth the author has studied the women in the New Testament, most of whom are only briefly mentioned. [39]:21 In the tenth commandment against coveting, a wife is depicted in the examples not to be coveted: house, wife, male or female slave, ox or donkey, or 'anything that belongs to your neighbour.' It includes a record of the Apostolic ministries in the early church, called the Acts of the Apostles; twenty-one letters called "epistles" written by various authors to specific groups with specific needs concerning Christian doctrine, counsel, instruction, and conflict resolution; and one Apocalyptic book, the Book of Revelation, which is a book of prophecy, containing some instructions to seven local congregations of Asia Minor, but mostly containing prophetical symbology about the end times. 1:11), Euodia and Syntyche (Phil. ", These verses in the King James version read as follows "Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection. Since women were not candidates for the eldership in the New Testament (1 Timothy 2:12-13) because of its authoritative function in teaching and oversight, the absence of the reference to women in 1 Timothy 3:1-7 would be expected. she said. A pagan woman implores Jesus to heal her daughter, and he does. Those women who are named are prominent for reasons outside the ordinary. As Phyllis J. Abraham is an important figure in the Bible, yet "his story pivots on two women. The Witch of Endor is a woman who summons the prophet Samuel's spirit, at the demand of King Saul of the Kingdom of Israel in the 28th chapter of the First Book of Samuel. Her story is told in 2 Kings 8:16 – 11:16 and 2 Chronicles 22:10-23:15. All rights reserved. She attempts to dissuade him, then offers the alternative of marriage, and tells him to appeal to the king. In the ancient Near East prostitutes could be hired as surrogate wombs as well as sex objects. He gave it to Shaphan, the king's scribe, who read it, then gave it to King Josiah. [59][60][61] David successfully plots the death of her husband Uriah, and she becomes one of David's wives. ), in general I trust her research. Some knew him personally and spoke with him, like Mary Magdalene or the sisters, Martha and Mary. Going forward we'll be in on Tuesdays through Fridays from 10am until 3pm. Influential New Testament Women “So they departed quickly from the tomb with fear and great joy, and ran to tell his disciples. However, Carol L. Meyers says "male dominance was real; but it was fragmentary, not hegemonic. "[67][84]:97, The New Testament refers to a number of women in Jesus’ inner circle. Shiphrah and Puah, two Hebrew midwives who disobey Pharao's command to kill all newborn Hebrew boys. "Abraham and Sarah were already very old, and Sarah was past the age of childbearing. "[2]:333–337 The Hebrew Bible portrays women as victims as well as victors. New Testament women in song. They are often involved in the overturning of human power structures in a common biblical literary device called "reversal." However, women such as Deborah, the Shunnemite woman, and the prophetess Huldah, rise above societal limitations in their stories. Matt. Notwithstanding she shall be saved in childbearing, if they continue in faith and charity and holiness with sobriety. Art historian Mati Meyer says society's views of women are observable in the differing renderings of Eve in art over the centuries. Since there are no men around except Lot, the daughters decide to make him drink wine and have him unknowingly impregnate them. Others, like Elizabeth, recognized him as God even before he was born. Jephthah's daughter responds to his speech and she becomes a true heroine of this story. And he stretched forth his hand toward his disciples, and said, Behold my mother and my brethren! Doth not even nature itself teach you, that, if a man have long hair, it is a shame unto him? [43], Women did have some role in the ritual life of religion as represented in the Bible, though they could not be priests, but then, neither could just any man; only Levites could be priests. In this follow-up to his book, The Thirteen Apostles, J. Ellsworth Kalas focuses on eleven different women of great faith who were crucial to the story of the New Testament. [7]:7 However, historian Sarah Pomeroy explains that even in those ancient patriarchal societies where a woman could occasionally become queen, her position did not empower her female subjects. "[48] She adds, the author of the book of Judges knew people were sacrificing their children and the narrator of Judges is in opposition. Tykva Frymer-Kensky says "victor stories follow the paradigm of Israel's central sacred story: the lowly are raised, the marginal come to the center, the poor boy makes good. Lydia shows us how to influence the people around us. Judah recognized them and said, “She is more righteous than I, since I wouldn’t give her to my son Shelah.”, The story of Jephthah's daughter in Book of Judges begins as an archetypal biblical hagiography of a hero. On the other hand, the fifth commandment to honor parents does not make any distinction in the honor to be shown between one parent and another. Such negative public opinion played a part in the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. We are expanding the days that we will be in the office to take your calls and to process and ship orders. After her husband died, Athaliah's son Ahaziah came to the throne of Judah, but he reigned for only a year before being killed. No mention is made of an adulterous man in any code. [17] Both ancient Greece and Rome celebrated important women-only religious festivals during which women were able to socialize and build bonds with each other. [15] In the important Eleusinian Mysteries in ancient Greece, men, women, children and slaves were admitted and initiated into its secrets on a basis of complete equality. Women did tasks as important as those of men, managed their households, and were equals in daily life, but all public decisions were made by men. For these transgressions against the God and people of Israel, Jezebel met a gruesome death—thrown out of a window by members of her own court retinue, and the flesh of her corpse eaten by stray dogs. Even "in such cases, women would be required to remarry within the tribe so as not to reduce its land holdings. Laws and contracts regulated the relationship between the child of such a prostitute and children of the first wife... he could not be disinherited. Women such as Hagar, Tamar, Miriam, Rahab, Deborah, Esther, and Yael/Jael, are among many female "saviors" of Israel. [31]:5 These prominent women include the Matriarchs Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel, and Leah, Miriam the prophetess, Deborah the Judge, Huldah the prophetess, Abigail, who married David, Rahab, and Esther. [69] Saul, the current King of Israel, seeks wisdom from God in choosing a course of action against the assembled forces of the Philistines. Civil war follows nearly wiping out an entire tribe. Summary of New Testament Quotes about women It is good for a man not to touch a woman, so that he is not tempted to “immorality” and does not “defile” himself. [13]:248 Sarah Pomeroy says "never did Roman society encourage women to engage in the same activities as men of the same social class. [38] Biblical narratives do not show women as having different goals, desires, or strategies or as using methods that vary from those used by men not in authority. In the narrative, she is not an Israelite but rather is from Moab; she marries an Israelite. [2]:164, 2 Kings 22 shows it was not unusual for women to be prophetesses in ancient Israel even if they could not be priests. [27]:17, Compared to the number of men, few women are mentioned in the Bible by name. Trible says "The story makes us realize that in those days men had ultimate powers of disposal over their women. When Priscilla and Aquilla heard him, they took him with them and "explained the way of God more accurately." "WOMEN OF THE NEW TESTAMENT" WAS NOT WHAT I WAS EXPECTING. Phoebe is a 'deacon' and a 'benefactor' (Romans 16:11-2). According to the 5th century BC historian Herodotus, the sacred prostitution of the Babylonians was "a shameful custom" requiring every woman in the country to go to the precinct of Venus, and consort with a stranger. In fact there are more women named as leaders in the New Testament than men. The bestselling Women of the Bible: New Testament pamphlet presents portraits of 15 women, some who encountered Jesus personally, and some who served in the early Church. Resources Mentioned: Peter replied, "Why is it that Satan has so filled your heart that you have lied to the Holy Spirit?" Historically, artistic renderings tend to reflect the changing views on women from within society more than the biblical account that mentions them. "[94]:16,17, In all three synoptic gospels,Mark, Matthew and Luke, Mary and Jesus' brothers are disowned by Jesus. Ruth is an opera with libretto in English composed by Lennox Berkeley that premiered in London in 1956. As you explore with Gladys Hunt the stories of 12 Old Testament women, you will come to understand the far-reaching consequences of your own everyday choices and actions. Women of the New Testament (Lifebuilder Study Guides) By Phyllis J Le Peau Lydia shows us how to influence the people around us. Then Onan died too. And these things give in charge, that they may be blameless. (Genesis 2), According to Near Eastern scholar Carol Meyers, "Perhaps more than any other part of the Bible, [the story of Eve] has influenced western notions of gender and identity. It tells about the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christianity. In Greece slaves were required to work as prostitutes and had no right to decline. The only role lacking specific female names is that of 'elder'--but there male names are lacking as well. Jesus' mother appears again in John (19:25-27) at the crucifixion, where Jesus makes provision for the care of his mother in her senior years (John 19:25-27). There are two women named Salome in the Bible—one who followed Jesus, and one who was a seductive princess. In 1 Peter 3 wives are exhorted to submit to their husbands "so they may be won over." [52]:14 Frymer-Kensky says leaving moral conclusions to the reader is a recognized method of writing called gapping used in many Bible stories. [5]:42[6]:4–5 In the West, the status of Egyptian women was high, and their legal rights approached equality with men throughout the last three millennia B.C. [5]:72 Ur-Nammu, who founded the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur in southern Mesopotamia, sponsored the oldest surviving codes of law dating from approximately 2200 BCE. [5]:12 The Hittite code also condemns a woman raped in her house presuming the man could not have entered without her permission. Jezebel is described in the Book of Kings (1 Kings 16:31) as a queen who was the daughter of Ithobaal I of Sidon and the wife of Ahab, King of Israel.[71]. As your children read the Scripture and answer the question, “Who Am I,” discuss with them facts about each woman, such as her purpose and her character. Some of these are now heavily disputed. The following is taken verbatim from Misquoting Jesus by Bart Ehrman. The Hebrew Bible's earliest texts reflect a Late Bronze Age Near Eastern civilization, while its last text, thought by most scholars to be the Book of Daniel, comes from a second century BCE Hellenistic world. [35], In the Book of Genesis, Tamar is Judah's daughter–in–law. Everyone was a "small holder" and had to work hard to survive. Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics. [28]:41 They would also do so on special occasions in their lives such as giving a todah ("thanksgiving") offering after childbirth. Accuracy: A team of editors takes feedback from our visitors to keep trivia as up to date and as accurate as possible. Le Peau Sarah became pregnant and bore a son that they named Isaac when Abraham was a hundred years old. Tamar "took off her widow’s clothes, covered herself with a veil to disguise herself, and then sat down at the entrance to Enaim, which is on the road to Timnah. There are also arguments that some of the writings attributed to Paul are pseudepigraphal post-Pauline interpolations. Its purpose was to challenge Liberal theology of the time that supported the orthodox position that woman should be subservient to man. War comes, with all of Israel vulnerable. The New Testament features many more women than the Old Testament, starting with Mary, the mother of Jesus. The Syrophoenician Woman. "[127] :10,38 Younger says men, on the other hand, were allowed live-in mistresses called pallake. Psychologist James R. Beck points out that "Evangelical Christians have not yet settled the exegetical and theological issues. Use this short worksheet to introduce your children or class to a few of the women in the New Testament, who they were, and what they did. Christ always noticed the unnoticed, the sad, the afflicted, the lonely, the lost, those who were forgotten. As the founder of Christianity, Jesus never taught nor approved of any kind of subordination of one of his followers over another. [21]:268–274, According to traditional Jewish enumeration, the Hebrew canon is composed of 24 books written by various authors, using primarily Hebrew and some Aramaic, which came into being over a span of almost a millennium. Women in the New Testament has an interesting subject but too much repetition, sometimes even word for word. Biblical scholar Burke Long says the "great woman" of Shunnem who appears in the Book of Kings acknowledges and respects the prophet Elisha's position yet is also a "determined mover and shaper of events. Wehr, who works as the faith formation director at St. Mark in St. Paul, found inspiration in her studies and wrote her first song about the Mary who anointed Jesus’ feet. Posted on Dec 6, 2011 by Trevor in Religion. These sisters provided a teachable moment when Martha asked Jesus to ask Mary to come help her serve the guests. Ancient Near Eastern societies have traditionally been described as patriarchal, and the Bible as a patriarchal document, written by men from a patriarchal age. But Samson prayed, "O Lord, remember me" and he pushed the columns holding up the Temple and killed everyone there. Mary appears twice in John, once at the beginning of the Gospel, and once near its end. “Sending me away would be a greater wrong than what you have already done to me.” But he refuses to listen. [80], The New Testament is the second part of the Christian Bible. THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE NEW TESTAMENT CHURCH 17 widows in 1 Tim. So Judah slept with her and she became pregnant. Twenty six women purchased two Bibles and went through them, cutting out every text that concerned women, pasted them into a book, and wrote commentaries underneath. There are 8 New Testament Women quizzes and 80 New Testament Women trivia … Elizabeth's life challenges us to care for others. Jesus often spoke directly to women in public. Women feature prominently in the gospels and Book of Acts of the Christian New Testament as supporters of Jesus' ministry. 3. I admire many women in the Old Testament. Whether these women were identified individually by name or simply mentioned as a devout follower in the crowd, their stories of sacrifice and eager service have rich meaning and application for our lives today. THE SCRIPTURE WAS GIVEN FOR EACH, BUT NOTHING ELSE. Bible translator Hayk Hovhannisyan says Junia was a woman and there is consensus supporting this view. In the Book of Genesis, she is referred to as the daughter of Potipherah priest of On (Gk. We also make a lot of false assumptions about the relationships between husbands and wives. Mother of John … 16:3-5, etc. [127]:12,20, Harper says: "The model of normative sexual behavior that developed out of Paul's reactions to the erotic culture surrounding him...was a distinct alternative to the social order of the Roman empire. More than fifty specific women are introduced in the New Testament, with multitudes of others numbered among the Savior's followers. In the code of Hammurabi, and in the Assyrian code, both the adulterous woman and her lover are to be bound and drowned, but forgiveness could supply a reprieve. The voice of the prophet's ghost at first frightens the witch of Endor, and after complaining of being disturbed, berates Saul for disobeying God, and predicts Saul's downfall. Lydia shows us how to influence the people around us. Deborah declares his refusal means the glory of the victory will belong to a woman. For he thought, 'He may die too, just like his brothers'." Nevertheless, neither is the man without the woman, neither the woman without the man, in the Lord. Although I cannot document this, I think it was the first such course offered in any seminary in the USA. (Genesis 38:11) But when Shelah grew up, she was not given to him as his wife. He reached out to them with compassion, love and acceptance. Overview of New Testament Healings. In the third millennium B.C. Sarah hopes to build a family through Hagar, but Hagar "began to despise her mistress" (Genesis 16:4). Encourage children to learn some fun facts about women in the New Testament. [36]:43 He asks that his sister Tamar make him food and feed him. By the early twentieth century, sociologists (notably Weber) extended the concept of patriarchy to include society-wide male domination. God spoke to the slave Hagar in the desert, sent her home, and she bore Abraham a son, Ishmael, "a wild donkey of a man" (Genesis 16:12). "[34] Textual scholar Phyllis Trible says "considerable evidence depicts the Bible as a document of male supremacy. [44]:167–169 Old Testament scholar Christine Roy Yoder says that in the Book of Proverbs, the divine attribute of Holy Wisdom is presented as female. I introduced my then new course, “Women and Ministry in the New Testament,” at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary in 1972. Each synoptic writer records Jesus addressing the woman with the bleeding disorder tenderly as “daughter” and he refers to the bent woman as a “daughter of Abraham” (Luke 13:16). [113][114], The story of the biblical Queen Athaliah was the inspiration for one of the greatest tragedies of French dramatist Jean Racine, Athalie.[115][116]. She is troubled by Jesus staying behind in the Temple at Jerusalem at 12 and his assumption his parents would know where he was (Luke 2:49). "[125]:88–92 The obligation for sexual self-control was placed equally on all people in the Christian communities, men or women, slave or free. [3], Frymer-Kensky says there is evidence of "gender blindness" in the Hebrew Bible. "If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple."[96]. Jephthah has been wronged, but he has no recourse. "[112], Courageous and victorious women, such as Jael, Esther and the deuterocanonical Judith, were popular "moral" figures in the Middle Ages. Some knew him personally and spoke with him, like Mary Magdalene or the sisters, Martha and Mary. "[31]:72 Sociologist Linda L. Lindsey says "women have born a greater burden for 'original sin'... Eve's creation from Adam's rib, second in order, with God's "curse" at the expulsion is a stubbornly persistent frame used to justify male supremacy. Art has generally portrayed Delilah as a type of femme fatale, but the biblical term used (pattî) means to persuade with words. Who is this Mary? This is a chronological chart of healings found in the New Testament. (Ehrman says, "In Greek the word for virgin is parthenos").[92]:67–69[93]. ", "The Status of Women in Greek, Roman and Jewish Society by Elisabeth M Tetlow from 'Women and Ministry in the New Testament, "Jephthah's Daughter and her Interpreters", "Asenath: Bible | Jewish Women's Archive", "1 Kings 1 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges", "Susanna, book of - Oxford Biblical Studies Online", United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, "Meaning #2: "an impudent, shameless, or morally unrestrained woman, "Salome - Oxford Biblical Studies Online", http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0LAL/is_2_30/ai_94332323/, "Art: Representation of Biblical Women | Jewish Women's Archive", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, "Program Notes for Naxos recording of "Deborah, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_the_Bible&oldid=1001870518, Articles about multiple people in the Bible, Pages with numeric Bible version references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 21 January 2021, at 19:45. Others, like Elizabeth, recognized him as God … Classics scholars Allison Glazebrook and Madeleine M. Henry say attitudes concerning prostitution "cut to the core of societal attitude towards gender and to social constructions of sexuality. He spoke freely with the woman taken in adultery (John 8:10–11), with the widow of Nain (Luke 7:12–13), the woman with the bleeding disorder (Luke 8:48; cf. Give me a sure sign that you will spare the lives of my father and mother, my brothers and sisters, and all who belong to them—and that you will save us from death.” (Joshua 2:9-13) She was told to tie a scarlet cord in the same window through which she helped the spies escape, and to have all her family in the house with her and not to go into the streets, and if she did not comply, their blood would be on their own heads. Read more . I WAS EXPECTING MORE INSIGHT ON EACH WOMAN. He referred to her as a dog, implying that … It is enough in all codes for two unmarried individuals engaged in a sexual relationship to marry. For some are already turned aside after Satan. Bart Ehrman explains that Jesus is never mentioned by name in the Talmud, but there is a subtle attack on the virgin birth that refers to the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named "Panthera." In meeting each of these women, you will grow deeper in your understanding of what it means to be a disciple. Le Peau introduces twelve significant women of the New Testament, she invites you to enter into their lives and learn from them what it means to be a disciple of Jesus. According to MacDonald, much of the vociferous pagan criticism of the early church is evidence of this "female initiative" which contributed to the reasons Roman society saw Christianity as a threat. THERE ARE QUESTIONS TO DISCUSS, BUT NOT ABOUT THE WOMAN. The Biblical depiction of early Bronze Age culture up through the Axial Age, depicts the "essence" of women, (that is the Bible's metaphysical view of being and nature), of both male and female as "created in the image of God" with neither one inherently inferior in nature. Posted on Dec 6, 2011 by Trevor in Religion. They are both good, yet tragedy happens. The rulers of the Philistines went to her and said, “See if you can lure him into showing you the secret of his great strength and how we can overpower him so we may tie him up and subdue him. In the Book of Kings, when David is old, she and the prophet Nathan convince David to let Solomon take the throne instead of an older brother. [86] Professor of religion Margaret Y. MacDonald uses a "social scientific concept of power" which distinguishes between power and authority to show early Christian women, while lacking overt authority, still retained sufficient indirect power and influence to play a significant role in Christianity's beginnings. Frymer-Kensky says the author assumes the biblical audience is familiar with this, will know Jephthah has been wronged, and will be sympathetic to him. ", 1 Timothy 5:3-16 states in the Authorized Version "Honour widows that are widows indeed. George Frideric Handel composed a series of dramatic oratorios in English on Biblical themes. The entire Philistine army could not bring him down. She said to the spies, "I know that the Lord has given you this land and that a great fear of you has fallen on us, so that all who live in this country are melting in fear because of you. New Testament Women Trivia Questions & Answers : New Testament People This category is for questions and answers related to New Testament Women, as asked by users of FunTrivia.com. The practice of levirate marriage applied to widows of childless deceased husbands, not to widowers of childless deceased wives; though, if either he or she didn't consent to the marriage, a different ceremony called chalitza was done instead; this involves the widow removing her brother-in-law's shoe, spitting in front of him, and proclaiming, "This is what happens to someone who will not build his brother's house!". Karen L. King is Professor of New Testament Studies and the History of Ancient Christianity at Harvard University in the Divinity School. "[107], Paul the Apostle was the first writer to give ecclesiastical directives about the role of women in the church. Peter stated that Ananias had lied not to men, but to God. This concept [of patriarchy] was formulated by nineteenth-century anthropologists using classical literature, especially legal texts, ... Biblical scholars ...soon took up the term. Amnon pretends to be sick and David comes to see him. 9:22; Mark 5:34), and a woman who called to him from a crowd (Luke 11:27–28). 16:1-2), Junia (Rom. Men had specific obligations they were required to perform for their wives including the provision of clothing, food, and sexual relations. [25]:3 The Hebrew Bible code is the only one of these codes that condemns prostitution. [125]:6,7, Women, sex, and law in surrounding cultures, Rosenberg, Joel. The threat of the Ammonites is grave. But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence. According to traditional Jewish enumeration, the Hebrew canon is composed of 24 books written by various authors, using primarily Hebrew and some Aramaic, which came into being over a span of almost a millennium. Le Peau introduces twelve significant women of the New Testament, she invites you to enter into their lives and learn from them what it means to be a disciple of Jesus. She is mentioned only once more in the New Testament, in Colossians 4:10, as the mother of John whose surname was Mark. Many scholars see the primary emphasis of the Bible as reinforcing women's subordinate status. The book of Joshua tells the story of Rahab the prostitute (zonah), a resident of Jericho, who houses two spies sent by Joshua to prepare for an attack on the city. New Testament scholar Ben Witherington III says "Jesus broke with both biblical and rabbinic traditions that restricted women's roles in religious practices, and he rejected attempts to devalue the worth of a woman, or her word of witness.
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